Archive for the 'Social behavior' Category

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Self-esteem

Writing in the Washington (DC, US) Times, Paul Greenberg commented about Arkansas’ new governor, Mike Beebe, who objected to schools sending reports to parents about their children’s body mass index. In his column, entitled “Self-Esteem to the Extreme,” Mr. Greenberg used Mr. Beebe’s expression of concern about harming children’s self-esteem as the launching pad for deriding the idea of promoting self-esteem.

Remember self-esteem? It was one of the sillier — and more dangerous — fads in educational circles, which keep going round and round. The theory was that promoting kids’ self-esteem would convince them they were great. And it just might. But that’s no guarantee they are great.

Continue reading ‘Self-esteem’

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Special Connections

Special Connections is a Web resource, developed by Suzanne Robinson and Sean Smith of Kansas University, that provides recommendations about teaching procedures for students with disabilities. There are modules about instruction, collaboration, assessment, and behavior plans, each describing research-based methods.

     Special Connections is a Project of National Significance (CFDA #84.325N) funded through the federal Office of Special Education Programs (OSEP) and coordinated through the University of Kansas. The ultimate goal of the project is to provide educators, both classroom teachers and university faculty, with tools and resources that support students with special needs in general education settings and in accessing the general education curriculum in meaningful ways.

 
     Four main areas of focus include Instruction, Assessment, Behavior Plans, and Collaboration. Best practices are identified within each of these four areas and nationally recognized experts create materials for a module about that topic. Teacher tools for implementing specific practices, case study materials, and references and resources related to each practice are provided in each module. Suggestions on how to develop online collaboration are included along with technical specifications and examples of how online collaboration can improve teacher practices and outcomes for students.

Link to the Special Connections Web site.

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New from the W-W-C

The What Works Clearinghouse has released additional reviews of reports summarizing the research on various interventions.

What Works Clearinghouse Releases 10 New Reports: Beginning Reading, Early Childhood Education, Character Education, English Language Learning, and Elementary School Mathematics
The What Works Clearinghouse (WWC), an initiative of the U.S. Department of Education’s Institute of Education Sciences, announces 10 new intervention reports highlighting available research on Beginning Reading, Early Childhood Education, Character Education, English Language Learning, and Elementary School Mathematics. New WWC Reports include:
Beginning Reading:

More information about the Beginning Reading review is available at http://whatworks.ed.gov/Topic.asp?tid=01&ReturnPage=default.asp.
Early Childhood Education:

More information about the Early Childhood review is available at http://www.whatworks.ed.gov/Topic.asp?tid=13&ReturnPage=default.asp.
Character Education:

More information about the Character Education review is available at http://www.whatworks.ed.gov/Topic.asp?tid=12&ReturnPage=default.asp.
English Language Learning:

More information regarding the English Language Learning review is available at http://www.whatworks.ed.gov/Topic.asp?tid=10&ReturnPage=default.asp.
Elementary School Mathematics:

More information regarding the Elementary School Mathematics review is available at http://www.whatworks.ed.gov/Topic.asp?tid=04&ReturnPage=default.asp.
The WWC is releasing an ongoing series of reports over the next few months covering these topics, as well as releasing reports for Dropout Prevention and Middle School Mathematics. Approximately 30 additional reports will be released by the end of the year. Weekly updates will be sent to the WWC subscribers notifying them of the latest available findings.

See earlier posts on Teach Effectively! regarding reports from the W-W-C.

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Data base of model juvenile programs

The US government’s Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention provides a Model Programs Guide (MPG) that is extensive, detailed, and searchable. The databbase covers more than thirty types of programs ranging from “academic skills enhancement” to “wraparound services” and classifies the individual programs as “expemplary,” “effective,” or “promising” depending on the quality of the evidence for the benefits of each.

The MPG includes information about scientifically proven prevention and intervention programs that target problem behaviors among youth. To be included in the guide, programs must focus on one of the following problem behaviors: delinquency, violence, youth gang involvement, alcohol, tobacco and drug use, academic difficulties, family functioning, trauma exposure or sexual activity/exploitation and accompanying mental health issues.

Because it is very broad and the standards are not quite as rigorous as some other projects (e.g., What Works Clearinghouse), MPG should serve only as an screening system for identifying effective models. However, it provides an excellent first cut and some of the model programs rated “exemplary” would be ones that would be recognized by experts employing demanding standards for evaluating programs.

Link to the home page and a link for a specific search (exemplary, prevention, academic skills enhancement, 6-12 years age) as an example of using the MPG data base.

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Restraints and TO

Kansas (US) State Board of Education met to hear proposed guidelines for the use of restraints that might be needed for students who are out of control, according to a story by Gena Terlizzi Lawrence Journal-World.

Advocates for the disabled said the mandates are necessary to prevent mistreatment of the students.

Rocky Nichols, executive director of the Disability Rights Center, said during the 2005 legislative session he heard many parents speak about the mistreatment of their children.

“Hundreds and hundreds of parents from around the state came forward, testified and talked about how their kids were secluded and restrained inappropriately,” Nichols said. “We have kids who have been sat on by gym teachers. Their arms have been duct-taped together as a form of restraint. They’ve been rolled up in gym mats. They’ve been placed in little boxes.”

There are effective instrucational procedures to (a) create environments that reduce the probability of students behavior escalating to out-of-control status and (b) teach student appropriate ways to respond to difficult situations without losing control. One would hope that local and state education agencies (as well as teacher education institutions) prepare special and general educators (and administrators) to use those procedures. Sadly, this is too rarely the case. (See Ms. Frizzle’s illustration of a staff development session devoted to this topic reported previously here on Teach Effectively.)

Although Ms. Terlizzi’s story is about restraints, it also mentions “time out” (TO). Sadly, the discussion of TO perpetuates myths about the procedure. The term “time out” is routinely used in a generic way to refer to exclusion, especially placing a child in a physical space away from others. There is a more formal use referring to a well-studied procedure which involves, essentially, making reinforcement temporarily unavailable. I would like to encourage folks to distinguish between the informal and the formal uses, if for no other reason than that the formal use of TO very effectively reduces the frequency of targeted behavior whereas the informal use has, as far as I know, little or no scientifically documented effectiveness.

Link to Ms. Terlizzi’s story. Check the sidelinks to other coverage, too.

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Failure recipe

Over on The Life that Chose Me, Dick has a post about futile approaches to teaching social skills. He discusses two examples of extended school year (ESY) programming and explains why they are likely to fail.

The problem with the current ESY arrangement and Mrs. Deering’s social skills class are the same. Basically, taking a group of autistic kids and placing them in an unfamiliar environment which they will probably never see again, and then trying to teach social skills in isolation for very short periods of time and then releasing them back into their regular environment is not terribly productive.

I suspect Dick’s got it right here. Social skills training has routinely produced negligible results with students who have Learning Disabilities and Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, as reflected in the effect sizes shown at these links (use this slide to help understand the graphs). One of the possible reasons the effect sizes for studies with those populations are small is that just what Dick’s talking about: Training that is too infrequent and disconnected from natrual social situations is unlikely to produce benefits. With students with autism, the importance of those factors is probably even greater.

Link to Dick’s commentary.

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Good Behavior Game

The “Good Behavior Game” (GBG) is one of the interventions endorsed by the Coalition for Evidence-based Policy about which I wrote a couple of days ago. I’m very glad that it’s included there. The GBG has an extensive history, part of which I document at the end of this post. It goes back to Mont Wolf and his colleagues in the 1960s, who employed single-subject research methods to evaluate it. Mr. Wolf, who died a couple of years ago, worked on many different interventions while at Kansas University, including the Teaching Family Model. There’s a marvelous remembrance of Mr. Wolf written by Todd Risley, available for those who want to download the PDF (the abstract is linked in the first item that follows).

The large-scale, longitudinal studies by Shep Kellam and his colleagues took the GBG to new territory. Dr. Kellam and his group found that getting teachers to use the GBG had clear and long-term benefits for their children. Dr. Kellam, who recently retired from Johns Hopkins University, is not affiliated with the Center for Integrating Education and Prevention Research. It promises to publish manuals for the use of the GBG and a mastery learning method for pomoting reading competence.

It’s work by folks such as Mr. Wolf and Dr. Kellam that provide the foundations of evidence-based interventions. We owe them.

Here are notes about the GBG from the Web site of the Journal of Applied Behavior Analaysis (JABA). Each of the items in this list is linked to an abstract for the article described in the snippets. JABA has a deal with the PUBMED’s National Library of Medicine by which one can obtained PDFs of any of these articles; just go here and take the publication information from any of these articles with you.

  1. Montrose M. Wolf (1935-2004).
    Todd Risley (2005). Montrose M. Wolf (1935-2004). Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 38, 279-287. Montrose Madison Wolf, who discovered the reinforcing power of adult attention for children and based on that discovery invented and named the nonviolent parenting procedure time-out; who discovered that absent speech and social development could be artificially created with operant conditioning techniques; who first engineered a token
  2. The effects of a good behavior game on the disruptive behavior of Sudanese elementary school students.
    Saigh, P. A., & Umar, A. M. (1983). The effects of a good behavior game on the disruptive behavior of Sudanese elementary school students. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 16, 339-344. An endemic version of the Good Behavior Game was applied in a rural Sudanese second-grade classroom. Official letters of commendation, extra time for recess, victory tags, and a winner’s chart were used as backup reinforcers. The class w
  3. Effect of the good behavior game on disruptive library behavior.
    Fishbein, J. E., & Wasik, B. H. (1981). Effect of the good behavior game on disruptive library behavior. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis,. 14, 89-93. A modification of the good behavior game was used to reduce disruptive behaviors during a weekly library period of children in a fourth-grade class. Modifications included student input in designing rules, attempts to state rules in positive terms, observation of class behavior in the exp
  4. The good productivity game: Increasing work performance in a rehabilitation setting.
    Lutzker, J. R., & White-Blackburn, G. (1979). The good productivity game: Increasing work performance in a rehabilitation setting.. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis,. 12, 488. Simple reinforcement systems have been used to improve performance in a broad range of settings. For example, in classrooms, the Good Behavior Game bas been shown to be very effective (Barrish, Saunders, and Wolf, Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 1969, 2, 119-121.
  5. Relative effectiveness of teacher attention and the good behavior game in modifying disruptive classroom behavior.
    Warner, S. P. Miller, F. D., & Cohen, M. W. (1977). Relative effectiveness of teacher attention and the good behavior game in modifying disruptive classroom behavior. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 10, 737. A variety of behavioral procedures have been employed in recent years to modify disruptive classroom behavior. Such methods have been developed with the belief that curtailing disruptive behavior would strengthen pos
  6. Use and analysis of the good behavior game to reduce disruptive classroom behavior.
    Harris, V. W., & Sherman, J. A. (1973). Use and analysis of the good behavior game to reduce disruptive classroom behavior. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 6, 405-417. A recent study reported procedures (the good behavior game) for reducing disruptive classroom behavior. Replication of the procedures of the good behavior game in two classrooms showed it to be an effective technique for reducing disruptive talking and out-of-sea
  7. Good-behavior game: A replication and systematic analysis.
    Medland, M. B., & Stachnik, T. J. (1972). Good-behavior game: A replication and systematic analysis. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 5, 45-51. A good-behavior game was implemented in a fifth-grade reading class consisting of two groups of 14 students each. After the presentation of the game, reversal and component analysis phases were instituted. Game components included rules, lights (response feedback) and group consequences of
  8. Good behavior game: Effects of individual contingencies for group consequences on disruptive behavior in a classroom.
    Barrish, H. H. Saunders, M., & Wolf, M. M. (1969). Good behavior game: Effects of individual contingencies for group consequences on disruptive behavior in a classroom. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 2, 119-124. Out-of-seat and talking-out behaviors were studied in a regular fourth-grade class that included several problem children. After baseline rates of the inappropriate behaviors were obtained, the class was divided i
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Behavior teaching needed

The local education agency (LEA) in Frederick County Maryland (US) obtained a restraining order prohibiting 10-year old Bill Hutchinson from attending school because, according to the school, he has repeatedly behaved aggressively toward members of the staff, according to Fredrick Kunkle of the Washington Post (DC, US). The boy’s parents dispute the LEA’s description of Bill’s behavior, contend that the school handles the misbehavior inappropriately, and resist the LEA’s recommendation for a change of placement to a school serving students with disabilities.

He has bitten, growled, screamed and used abusive language. He has spit at staff members, rammed his head into their faces, tripped them, hit them with his fists and wrapped his hands around a staff member’s throat and threatened to strangle her. During one outburst Jan. 31, staff members had to escort him to the office, and he fought the entire way. After being placed in a room for a timeout that day, he stripped naked and stayed that way for about 30 minutes. On Oct. 17, the staff was forced to evacuate the rest of the class until he calmed down, the filings say.

Mr. Kunkle identified several matters accurately (e.g., there is reference to IDEA’s 10-day suspension provision), but there are a host of them possble in this story. Here’s a list of a few of them:

  • At the top of my list: Has the LEA employed appropriate behavior management practices? Has the staff completed a well-designed functional behavioral assessment, developed a sensible behavior intervention plan, and implemented the plan faithfully?
  • An argument advanced by the Bill’s mother (that “on a day when Bill allegedly caused a significant disturbance in the cafeteria, he brought home a ‘smiley card’ for good behavior”) admits to other possible interpretations (e.g., someone ill-advisedly provided the smiley card because Bill behaved appropriately later in the day). Other arguments advanced by the parents appear largely to be based on interpreting other’s intentions negatively.
  • The question about having students attend special schools is still a hot one and deserves investigation. What’s the program like at the school that the LEA proposes is a more appropriate faciilty for Bill? What’s its record for handling children with substantial behavior problems? Does the school provide effective academic instruction?

The LEA has a responsibility to teach Bill appropriate school behavior. With evidence-based instruction, it is possible to do so. The teaching may need to take place in a specialized setting, but it can be done. I hope that Mr. Kunkle follows up on this story, examining some of these questions.

The story is referenced on a couple of blogs. Over on the Sundries Shack, Jimmie commented about an aspect of the story—Bill’s mother reported that she received a good-behavior note on one of the days when the LEA says he acted out—by saying “I also wonder what procedural problems, in the case of the young student, allowed the school to send home good behavior reports when the child’s behavior was anything but good.” There is one comment on Sundries Shack expressing concern about whether Bill’s peers are able to receive a good education when he is misbehaving in class. Susan Ohanian has also covered the story, but without comment. Tripod Deer Stands has it, but also just seems to have scraped the Post site for the story; this blog may have grabbed the story because of a local slant to the blog.

Link to Mr. Kunkle’s article. Link to the coverage on Sundries Shack. Link to Susan Ohanian’s reprint of Mr. Kunkle’s article. Link to Tripod Deer Stands reprint.

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