Archive for the 'Research' Category

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Gates Foundation: Measuring effectiveness

The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation announced funding of new educational initiatives 19 November 2009. The initiatives focus on creating intensive partnerships with school systems and developing means for measuring effectiveness in teaching.

In “An Effective Teacher in Every Classroom,” Vicki Phillips (Director of the education initiative in the foundation) wrote, “Nothing is as important to a student’s success in school as an effective teacher. You know it, and we know it. That’s why I am so excited about today’s commitment of $335 million to support our vision of putting an effective teacher in every classroom in America.” In announcements of its funding for education, the foundation identified several educational agencies and groups with which it will partner in hopes of improving outcomes.

I call readers’ attention to the second initiative, the one funding a project called “Measures of Effective Teaching.” I am pleased to learn that the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation is working toward measuring effective teaching. The Gates Foundation has repeatedly invested in initiatives to improve education, and it has candidly evaluated those efforts and reported their results to the public. Based on the foundation’s experience with previous projects, it has reshaped and redirected its efforts. I see this as movement in a valuable direction.

An important step toward supporting teachers and ensuring that all students have access to high quality instruction is to develop fairer and more useful measures of teacher effectiveness. This is the goal of the Measures of Effective Teaching (MET) project, which will support independent education researchers–in partnership with school districts, principals, teachers, and unions–to develop objective and reliable measures of effective teaching. Rather than relying solely on how well a teacher’s students do on assessments, the MET project seeks to uncover and develop a set of measures that work together to form a more complete indicator of a teacher’s impact on student achievement.

Researchers will collect data about factors that might reflect effective teaching. These areas include the following (drawn directly from the site):

  • Student feedback through surveys
  • Student work
  • Supplemental student assessments
  • Videotaped classroom lessons
  • Teacher reflections on their videotaped lessons
  • Assessment of teachers’ ability to recognize and diagnose student problems
  • Teacher surveys on working conditions

I applaud the effort to include a broad range of measures in the research. This list taps some potentially valuable sources (e.g., recognition and response to student problems), but it lacks clear measures of the critical result: Student learning. Although I think basing measures of effectiveness solely on students’ outcomes is insufficient, I hope that the researchers will ultimately include data from objective assessments of students’ learning. I hope students’ outcomes are still in the mix.

Read the press release announcing about the Gates Foundation committing $335 million to promote effective teaching and raise student achievement. Also visit the foundation’s portal for its education efforts and read Vicki Phillips’ comments.

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DCPS goes for learning styles bunk

A sad note sounded in a document that has many otherwise valuable suggestions: The Teaching and Learning Framework of the Washington (DC, US) Public Schools (DCPS) recommends incorporating learning styles into instruction. Why the developers of this document included the rather-thoroughly debunked learning styles idea eludes me, but it is very clearly there, appearing on the front cover and receiving three pages of coverage starting on page 24 (see image at right).
Continue reading ‘DCPS goes for learning styles bunk’

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Corporal punishment needs to be beaten

The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) published a policy paper examining a report the Human Rights Watch and the ACLU about corporal punishment in US schools. It provides a clear and powerful indictment of what amounts to a state-sanctioned assault on children.

A Violent Education
Corporal Punishment of Children in U.S. Public Schools

Continue reading ‘Corporal punishment needs to be beaten’

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Hempenstall on phonics and whole language

Over on Ed News, Kerry Hempenstall has a paper examining the phonics-vs-whole-language question that vexed educators for many years in the late 1900s. With his typical appreciation of irony, Professor Hempenstall recounts in one place many of the disparate factors that affected that “great debate.” Here’s his abstract:

Over the past twenty years, there has been considerable controversy over the competing emphases to beginning reading known as Whole Language and phonics. To provide a context for the debate, this paper examines the history of disputes about reading instruction, particularly as it applies to at-risk students. It commences with a brief discussion of the advantages and challenges of our English alphabetic writing system, and of the literacy issues associated with it. Identification of the major attempts to deal with the complexity of our writing system is followed by a history of the search for the most efficacious means of evincing reading development. An examination of early research efforts, such as The Great Debate, The USOE Study, Follow Through, and Becoming a Nation of Readers helps illuminate the current debate by highlighting which issues are novel, and which are from the past but as yet unresolved. A thread throughout the paper involves the role of educational research in influencing practice in beginning reading instruction.

Hempenstall, K. R. (2009). The whole language-phonics controversy: A historical perspective. Education News. Retrieved 30 July 2009 from http://ednews.org/articles/the-whole-language-phonics-controversy-a-historical-perspective.html.

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Engelmann explains

Zig Engelmann, progenitor of Direct Instruction (DI), has posted a video of a talk he gave earlier this month. The presentation is an explication of the underlying principles of DI, “Theory of Direct Instruction.”

In the presentation (video below the jump), Mr. Engelmann shows some of his chops from his undergraduate degree in philosophy. He starts with philosophers’ fundamental arguments and shows how those correspond (or don’t) with learning and teaching concepts. For example, as he works through John Stuart Mills’ five methods of induction from A System of Logic, he makes clear how each would apply to teaching. I suspect that this particular sequence will show many people why DI instruction (the examples used in the scripts, not the teaching behavior) is structured the way it is.
Continue reading ‘Engelmann explains’

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Full-day preschool contributes to 1st-grade reading competence

In a paper to appear in Education and Urban Society, Joy Valenti and Diana Tracey report that preschool experience contributes to subsequent reading achievement. Here’s the abstract.

This study examined the relationships between students’ attendance at fullday, half-day, or no preschool and first grade reading achievement. 214 urban, low SES public first grade students of mixed ethnicities were studied. Using the students’ Developmental Reading Assessment (DRA2) scores (Beaver, 2006), results indicated that by the middle of first grade students who completed one year of full-day preschool significantly outperformed students who did not attend preschool. Students who completed one year of full-day preschool also outperformed students who completed half-day preschool, although not to a significant degree. Additionally, students who completed half-day preschool outperformed students who did not attend preschool, although not to a significant degree. The results further showed that significant differences between the groups were not apparent at the start of first grade, demonstrating that preschool attendance may not show immediate, positive benefits.

Valenti, J. E., & Tracey, D. H. (2009). Full-day, half-day, and no preschool effects on urban children’s first-grade reading achievement. Education and Urban Society (online first: doi:10.1177/0013124509336060).

Link to the journal home. I doubt that this link will be of much use except to those working from computers at institutions that subscribe to the journal.

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Updated mega links

Jeanne Wherrett’s comment on an old post prompted me to update the links there. If one of the three or four TE readers have been frustrated by the 404 results for the links pointing to the old mega-analysis (Steve Forness’s term), those links have been fixed.

For those unfamiliar with that old site, it’s a compilation of meta-analyses about cognitive-behavioral treatment of adolescent depression, cognitive-behavioral treatments, computer-assisted instruction, decreasing disruptive behavior, direct instruction (big DI), early intervention, Feingold hyperactivity diet, formative evaluation of students’ progress, medication for students with mental retardation, mnemonic strategies instruction, modality-based reading instruction, peer tutoring, perceptual training, psycholinguistic training, psychotherapy (including behavior modification), reducing class size, social skills training for students with emotional or behavioral disorders, social skills training for students with learning disabilities, special class placement, stimulant treatment of hyperactivity, teaching reading comprehension, treatment of classroom behavior problems.

Jump to the mega site. Flash of the electrons to Ms. Wherrett (see her site) for alerting me to the issue.

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Promoting reading competence

Over on Britannica Blog, Dan Willingham has a new post entitled “What Makes a Good Fourth-Grade Reader? Knowledge.” Professor Willingham asks, “What makes for effective reading instruction?” and then answers, “A new study indicates that an important contributor is integrating material from other subjects into reading instruction.”

He’s talking about a recently released study by Wai Ming Cheung and colleagues from the University of Hong Kong. They examined predictors of reading literacy among fourth graders and found that “the most powerful predictor [of high outcomes] was the use of materials from other subjects as reading resources.”

This finding is consistent with points made elsewhere as well as here on TE: It’s not sufficient to teach decoding and abstract strategies. Kids need to read stuff! That means they need real content, and certainly one of the best sources of that content would be what they’re learning in other courses. It’s relevant, probably pitched at their level, etc.

Reading literacy of fourth-grade students in Hong Kong showed a remarkable improvement from 2001 to 2006 as shown by international PIRLS studies. This study identified various aspects of the teacher factor contributing to the significant improvement among students. A total of 4,712 students and 144 teachers from 144 schools were randomly selected using probability proportional-to-size technique to receive the Reading Assessment Test and complete the Teacher’s Questionnaire, respectively. A number of items pertaining to teachers’ instructional strategies and activities, opportunities for students to read various types of materials, practices on assessment, and professional preparation and perception, were found to be significantly correlated with the outcome of students’ reading literacy. Stepwise regression procedure revealed four significant predictors for students’ overall reading achievement. The most powerful predictor was the use of materials from other subjects as reading resources. Suggestions to improve quality of teaching of reading and further studies are made.

Cheung, W. M, Tse, S. K., Lam, J. W. I., & Loh, E. K. Y. (2009). Progress in international reading literacy study 2006 (PIRLS): Pedagogical correlates of fourth-grade students in Hong Kong. Journal of Research in Reading, 32, 293-308.

Link to Professor Willingham’s blog entry. Link to the abstract for the study by Professor Cheung.

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